One in three jobs held by women has been designated as essential, according to a New York Times analysis of census data crossed with the federal government’s essential worker guidelines. Nonwhite women are more likely to be doing essential jobs than anyone else. But it’s an inescapable fact – as ILOSTAT data detailing employment by sex and occupation across 121 countries show – that many occupations around the world are still split by gender.
Sexism against women continues to influence scholarship about women in
teaching. Academic studies of teaching often assume that female teachers
are less committed to their jobs than male teachers. Even modern scholars
have blamed teaching’s low prestige on women’s supposedly low aspirations
and preferences for working with people via direct teaching rather than
wishing to move into educational management positions (Acker).
The Feminization of
Surveys
show that women teachers may have less interest in becoming principals,
but it is not clear that this is due to women’s lower commitment to
teaching rather than societal conventions or principalships interfering
with childrearing. Modern scholars also attribute women’s lower salaries
to their focus on families, even though for https://accounting-services.net/the-rise-of-the-no-collar-job-what-schools-need-to/ most of teaching’s history,
female teachers have been banned from having children or even marrying. Little research has been done on female teachers’ views on their jobs and
how they view their subordinate status in the educational field. Teaching
is one of the highly feminized “semi-professions,” like nursing and
library-keeping.
- InHerSight matches job seekers and companies based on millions of workplace ratings from women.
- I address this topic and examine the work histories of men employed in the United States between 1979 and 2006 (National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979).
- Though teaching did not provide great freedoms, some women
were willing or happy to postpone or avoid marriage and childbearing, with
the greater restrictions both would bring to their lives.
First, borrowers are less compliant overall with female loan managers than with male managers. Specifically, borrowers have a 13.6 percent probability of missing a payment when initially paired with a male loan manager, and an 18.5 percent probability when paired with a woman. Using a unique dataset of loan histories from a Central American microfinance bank, the authors focus on the ‘gender-neutral” occupational role of loan manager. Men working in low-status female professions were even more likely to be stopgappers. Only 19 percent of men stayed in such jobs, with sales workers, housekeeper and butlers, and kitchen workers being the occupations these men abandoned most frequently.
This study thus demonstrates how quickly beliefs about gender can be inscribed into occupational roles, and furthermore, the negative consequences this phenomenon has for women’s authority in the workplace. The feminized state of teaching has been both a boon and a burden to
the women who teach. Female teachers historically postponed or hid
marriages to maintain their careers. It was not until the mid-1900s that
married women were allowed to continue teaching, but when they did, it was
a career that integrated relatively well with childrearing.
Stopgappers are more common in low-status than in high-status occupations
Feminization of survival is a term that feminists use to describe a social condition where women are forced into inhumane conditions for the survival of themselves and their families. At InHerSight, we use data to help women find and improve companies where they can achieve their goals. InHerSight matches job seekers and companies based on millions of workplace ratings from women. Find a job at a place that supports the kinds of things you’re looking for.
If that’s what you’re looking for, we pulled some of the most women-dominated jobs as of 2021 and what they pay, on average. In sum, those borrowers initially assigned to men go on to treat subsequent male loan managers with more authority. On the other hand, those who were initially assigned a female loan manager are less compliant and more likely to default on loan payments. Evidence shows that egalitarian attitudes, better working conditions, and lower rates of stigmatization have slowly increased the presence of males in high-status female-dominated occupations relative to low-status female-dominated ones. In contrast, low-status occupations continue to be highly segregated and suffer from cultural devaluation. Thus, only by revealing and eradicating the disincentives to work in female-dominated occupations—particularly in the less prestigious occupations—will it be possible to reduce gender inequalities in the labor market.
Feminisation of the workplace
What happens, then, to men who do not display these stereotypically male attributes in pursuing their careers? I argue that negative stereotyping and gender-specific pressures manifest themselves in high male exit rates. More specifically, I introduce the term stopgapper to refer to the occupational trajectory of men who transition from the non-female to the female-dominated sector and who are likely to reverse course eventually, as illustrated in Figure 1. By far the most female-dominated occupations are personal care workers, such as health care assistants and home-based personal workers. According to the latest ILOSTAT figures, caring personnel are 88% female compared to 12% male. The following table shows what those occupations are according to a 2008 report and with the updated 2016 statistics for comparison.
Youth skills: tackling challenges and seizing opportunities for a brighter future of work
Regional
differences, which had been so pronounced during earlier time periods,
became less so. “According to the 1950 federal census the American
teaching population was almost universally three-quarters female” (Rury,
p. 34). Women would often enter teaching in their twenties, leave around
age 28 when they had children, and return to teaching in their late 30s as
their own children entered school (Rury, p. 37).
Labor market
Still, dealing with people face to face is what drew her to her job in the first place. If protective equipment is in dangerously short supply at big city hospitals, it is virtually nonexistent in Ms. Ramsey’s job. She goes to work with no gear beyond what she can find at the dollar store. She does not have a formal letter, like many others have, identifying her as an essential worker. A policeman recently stopped and questioned her when she was out buying medicine. Women make up nearly nine out of 10 nurses and nursing assistants, most respiratory therapists, a majority of pharmacists and an overwhelming majority of pharmacy aides and technicians.
Sports
As other occupations became open to educated women in the 1980s,
women entered other professions and teaching became slightly less
feminized. “The work schedule of the modern teacher/mother is not nearly
as constrained by social pressures as that of her predecessors” (Sedlak
and Schlossman, p. 28). This study provides empirical evidence that the gender of the initial person filling an otherwise gender-neutral role, has lasting consequences for how that role is subsequently perceived.
